Universiti

Universiti (ari Latin universitas 'semua') nya institusyen pelajar tinggi (tauka pelajar tertiari) enggau pansik ke meri anugerah degree akademik dalam sekeda disiplin akademik.^[1] Universiti datai ari leka jaku Latin universitas magistrorum et scholarium, ti mai reti kasar "komuniti pengajar enggau sarjana".^[2] Biasa iya, universiti ngembuan program undergraduate enggau postgraduate.

Universiti-universiti keterubah ba Eropa ditubuhka paderi Gerija Katolik.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7] Universiti Bologna (Università di Bologna), Itali, ti ditubuhka dalam taun 1088, iya nya universiti keterubah ari reti:

nyadi institut ti meri degree ti tinggi.
ngena leka jaku universitas (ti ditempa maya iya ditumbuhka).
enda terikat ari sekula-sekula eklisia lalu ngeluarka degree sekular sereta mega ukai sekular (enggau ajar ti dipejalaika paderi enggau ukai paderi): jalai jaku, retorik, logik, teologi, undang-undang kanon, undang-undang notari.^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]

Penerang

↑ "3.1". WordNet Search. Diambi 2023-08-30.
↑ "Templat:Cite wikisource/make link". Encyclopædia Britannica (id jaku Inggeris) (11th ed.). 1911.
↑ Den Heijer, Alexandra (2011). Managing the University Campus: Information to Support Real Estate Decisions. Academische Uitgeverij Eburon. ISBN 9789059724877. Many of the medieval universities in Western Europe were born under the aegis of the Catholic Church, usually as cathedral schools or by papal bull as Studia Generali.
↑ A. Lamport, Mark (2015). Encyclopedia of Christian Education. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 484. ISBN 9780810884939. All the great European universities-Oxford, to Paris, to Cologne, to Prague, to Bologna—were established with close ties to the Church.
↑ B M. Leonard, Thomas (2013). Encyclopedia of the Developing World. Routledge. p. 1369. ISBN 9781135205157. Europe established schools in association with their cathedrals to educate priests, and from these emerged eventually the first universities of Europe, which began forming in the eleventh and twelfth centuries.
↑ Gavroglu, Kostas (2015). Sciences in the Universities of Europe, Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: Academic Landscapes. Springer. p. 302. ISBN 9789401796361.
↑ GA. Dawson, Patricia (2015). First Peoples of the Americas and the European Age of Exploration. Cavendish Square Publishing. p. 103. ISBN 9781502606853.
↑ "The University from the 12th to the 20th century - University of Bologna". www.unibo.it. Diarkib ari asal ba 5 April 2021. Diambi 23 March 2021.
↑ Top Universities Archived 17 Januari 2009 at the Wayback Machine World University Rankings Retrieved 6 January 2010
↑ Paul L. Gaston (2010). The Challenge of Bologna. Stylus. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-57922-366-3. Diarkib ari asal ba 10 March 2021. Diambi 7 July 2016.
↑ Hunt Janin: "The university in medieval life, 1179–1499", McFarland, 2008, ISBN 0-7864-3462-7, p. 55f.
↑ de Ridder-Symoens, Hilde: A History of the University in Europe: Volume 1, Universities in the Middle Ages Archived 13 Disember 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Cambridge University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-521-36105-2, pp. 47–55

[WordNet_Search_u476-1] "3.1". WordNet Search. Diambi 2023-08-30.

[2] "Templat:Cite wikisource/make link". Encyclopædia Britannica (id jaku Inggeris) (11th ed.). 1911.

[3] Den Heijer, Alexandra (2011). Managing the University Campus: Information to Support Real Estate Decisions. Academische Uitgeverij Eburon. ISBN 9789059724877. Many of the medieval universities in Western Europe were born under the aegis of the Catholic Church, usually as cathedral schools or by papal bull as Studia Generali.

[4] A. Lamport, Mark (2015). Encyclopedia of Christian Education. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 484. ISBN 9780810884939. All the great European universities-Oxford, to Paris, to Cologne, to Prague, to Bologna—were established with close ties to the Church.

[5] B M. Leonard, Thomas (2013). Encyclopedia of the Developing World. Routledge. p. 1369. ISBN 9781135205157. Europe established schools in association with their cathedrals to educate priests, and from these emerged eventually the first universities of Europe, which began forming in the eleventh and twelfth centuries.

[6] Gavroglu, Kostas (2015). Sciences in the Universities of Europe, Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: Academic Landscapes. Springer. p. 302. ISBN 9789401796361.

[7] GA. Dawson, Patricia (2015). First Peoples of the Americas and the European Age of Exploration. Cavendish Square Publishing. p. 103. ISBN 9781502606853.

[8] "The University from the 12th to the 20th century - University of Bologna". www.unibo.it. Diarkib ari asal ba 5 April 2021. Diambi 23 March 2021.

[9] Top Universities Archived 17 Januari 2009 at the Wayback Machine World University Rankings Retrieved 6 January 2010

[10] Paul L. Gaston (2010). The Challenge of Bologna. Stylus. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-57922-366-3. Diarkib ari asal ba 10 March 2021. Diambi 7 July 2016.

[Hunt_Janin_2008-11] Hunt Janin: "The university in medieval life, 1179–1499", McFarland, 2008, ISBN 0-7864-3462-7, p. 55f.

[Ridder-Symoens_1992-12] Ridder-Symoens, Hilde: A History of the University in Europe: Volume 1, Universities in the Middle Ages Archived 13 Disember 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Cambridge University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-521-36105-2, pp. 47–55

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