Wikipedia

Republik Ireland

Ireland mega dikumbai Republik Ireland (Poblacht na hÉireann),[lower-alpha 1] nya sebengkah menua ba barat laut Eropa ti nyengkaum 26 ari 32 kandang menua pulau Ireland. Indu nengeri enggau nengeri ke pemadu besai ba menua tu nya Dublin, ti bepalan ba sepiak timur pulau nya. Urung 2.1 juta iku orang ba menua tu ari 5.15 juta penyampau orang diau ba Menua Dublin Besai.[9] Menua tu mina bekungsi adan enggau Ireland Utara, ke diatu bagi ari menua United Kingdom. Menua tu dikelingi Tasik Atlantik, Tasik Celt ba selatan, St George's Channel ba tenggara, enggau Tasik Ireland ba timur. Menua tu menua republik parlimen beserakup.[10] Legislatur sida, Oireachtas, nyengkaum siti rumah baruh, Dáil Éireann; siti rumah atas, Seanad Éireann; enggau presiden ke dipilih (Uachtarán) ke megai pengawa tuai menua seremonial, tang ngembuan kuasa enggau pengawa ke penting. Tuai perintah menua tu dikumbai Taoiseach (Menteri Besai, tauka dikalih terus jaku nyadi "Tuai"), ke dipilih Dáil lalu dichiri Presiden, ti nyiri menteri perintah ke bukai

Ireland[lower-alpha 1]
Éire (Ireland)
Anthem: 
Amhrán na bhFiann
Templat:Raise
Location of Ireland (dark green)

– in Europe (light green & dark grey)
– in the European Union (light green)

Indu menua
enggau nengeri ke pemadu besai
Dublin
53°20.65′N 6°16.05′W / 53.34417°N 6.26750°W / 53.34417; -6.2675053°N 8°W / 53°N 8°W / 53; -8
Jaku resmi
Raban bansa
(2022[2])
Pengarap
(2022[3])
DemonimIrish
PerintahUnitary parliamentary republic
• President
Michael D. Higgins
• Taoiseach
Simon Harris
• Tánaiste
Micheál Martin
Donal O'Donnell
Dewan Undangan NegeriOireachtas
• Upper house
Seanad
• Lower house
Dáil
Independence 
from the United Kingdom
24 April 1916
21 January 1919
6 December 1921
6 December 1922
29 December 1937
18 April 1949
Menua
• Pemesai
70,273 km2 (27,133 bt2) (118th)
• Ai (%)
2.0%
Penyampau tubuh
• 2022 estimate
Neutral increase 5,281,600[4] (122nd)
• 2022 census
5,149,139[5]
• Pemayuh tubuh
71.3/km2 (184.7/sq mi) (113th)
GDP (PPP)2024 estimate
• Total
Increase $712.056 billion[6] (40th)
• Per capita
Increase $133,895[6] (3rd)
GDP (nominal)2024 estimate
• Total
Increase $564.020 billion[6] (30th)
• Per capita
Increase $106,059[6] (2nd)
Gini (2022)Negative increase 27.9[7]
low
HDI (2022)Increase 0.950[8]
very high · 7th
Mata duitEuro (€)[lower-alpha 3] (EUR)
Zon jamUTCTemplat:Sp (GMT)
• Summer (DST)
UTC+1 (IST)
Date formatdd/mm/yyyy
Tisi deribaleft
Kod talipaun+353
Kod ISO 3166IE
TLD Internet.ie[lower-alpha 4]

Nama

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Nama Ireland dalam jaku Ireland nya Éire, datai ari leka jaku Ériu, seiku petara indu dalam mitologi Ireland.[11] Menua ke ditumbuhka dalam taun 1922, ke mungkur 26 ari 32 bengkah kaunti Ireland, “digaya sereta dikelala enggau nama Negeri Bebas Ireland”. (Saorstát Éireann).[12] Konstitusyen Ireland, ti diterima dalam taun 1937, madahka "nama menua nya Éire, tauka, dalam jaku English, Ireland". Seksyen 2 Akta Republik Ireland 1948 madahka, "Enggau tu dipadahka penerang pasal menua nya Republik Ireland." Akta 1948 nadai meri nama menua nya "Republik Ireland", laban enti udah ngereja nya tentu deka ngasuh iya bebida enggau Konstitusyen.[13]

Perintah United Kingdom ngena nama "Eire" (nadai diakritik) lalu, ari taun 1949, "Republik Ireland", ke menua nya.[14] Udah nya Sempekat Good Friday 1998, lebuh menua nya ngelengka ke dawa iya ngagai Ireland Utara, iya berengkah ngumbai menua nya "Ireland".[15][16]

Menua tu mega dikumbai enggau chara enda formal "Republik", "Ireland Selatan" tauka "Selatan";[17] kelebih agi lebuh midaka nengeri tu ari pulau tauka lebuh berandauka pasal Ireland Utara ("Utara"). Raban republikan Ireland nyimpan nama “Ireland” ke serata pulau nya[16] lalu suah ngumbai nengeri tu "Negeri Bebas", "26 Kaunti".,[16][18] tauka "Selatan".[19] Tu "saut ngagai penemu partisyenis [...] ti madahka Ireland ngetu ba garis entara menua".[20]

Geografi

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Artikel batang: Geografi Ireland
 
Tebing Moher ba tebing tasik Atlantik .
 
Reeks MacGillycuddy, gunung ti pemadu tinggi di Ireland

Menua tu ngembuan pemesai urung lima per enam (70,273 km2 or 27,133 bt2) pulau Ireland (84,421 km2 or 32,595 bt2), enggau Ireland Utara nyadika bagi ke bukai. Pulau tu di sempadan ba utara enggau barat nengah Tasik Atlantik lalu ba timur laut nengah Saluran Utara. Ba timur, Tasik Ireland nyambung ngagai Tasik Atlantik nengah St George’s Channel enggau Tasik Keltik ba barat daya.

Rampa menua barat tebal agi bisi tebing ti kasar, bukit enggau gunung. Tanah rendah tengah mayuh dibungkur enggau deposit glasial tanah liat enggau pasir, sereta mega kandang endur ti signifikan enggau tanah paya enggau beberapa tasik. Titik ke pemadu tinggi iya nya Carrauntoohil (1,038.6 m tauka 3,407 ka), ke bepalan ba bukit MacGillycuddy’s Reeks ba barat daya. Sungai Shannon ke nengah tanah rendah tengah, nyadi sungai ke pemadu panjai di Ireland enggau pemanjai 386 kilometer tauka 240 batus. Pantai barat lebih kasar ari timur, enggau mayuh pulau, semenanjung, ulu enggau teluk.

Ireland siti ari menua ke pemadu mimit kampung di Eropah.[21] Sampai ke ujung Jeman Tengah, menua nya balat bendar bisi kampung. Spesies asal nyengkaum pun kayu ti labuh daun baka kayu oak, abu, hazel, birch, alder, willow, aspen, elm, rowan enggau hawthorn, sereta mega pun kayu ti seruran gadung baka kayu pain Scots, yew, holly enggau strawberi.[22] Penumbuh paya selimut enggau pengawa nebang kampung ti besai endur betanam betupi dipelabaka nyadika pun kebuah kampung ditebang.[23] Diatu, semina urung 10% ari menua Ireland nya kampung,[24] tebal agi nya kebun konifer ukai asal, lalu semina 2% aja nya kampung asal.[25][26] Purata bungkur kampung ba menua Eropah lebih ari 33%.[24] Nitihka penerang ari Coillte, sebuah dagang kampung ke diempu perintah, gaya hari menua nya meri Ireland siti ari tikas penumbuh ke pemadu jampat ungkup kampung di Eropah.[27] Hedgerows, ke udah lama dikena netapka garis entara tanah, nyadi ganti ke beguna ngagai habitat kampung, nyadika palan pengenduh ngagai flora kampung asal enggau mayuh macham bansa ukui, burung enggau mamalia.[28] Iya nyadi palan dua ekoregion terestrial: kampung daun lebar Celtic enggau kampung bechampur lembap Atlantik Utara.[29]

Pengawa betanam betupi mungkur urung 64% ari semua pemesai tanah.[30] Tu ngujungka tanah ti mimit dikena nyaga habitat asal, kelebih agi ungkup mamalia liar ti besai agi enggau peminta kandang menua ti besai agi.[31] Sejarah lama pengawa betanam betupi ditambah enggau chara betanam betupi moden, baka ngena rachun indu utai enggau baja, udah meri tekan ngagai biodiversiti.[32]

Demografi

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Penyampau tubuh ba Ireland kenyau ari taun 1951

Penyampau tubuh peranak Ireland manggai 5,149,139 iku ba taun 2022, nambah 8% kenyau ari taun 2016.[33] Naka taun 2011, Ireland ngembuan tikas pengada ke pemadu tinggi ba Kesatuan Eropah (16 pengada ba tiap 1,000 iku peranak).[34] Ba taun 2014, 36.3% pengada ngagai indu ke bedau belaki.[35] Penyampau penumbuh penyampau tubuh ninting taun ngelui 2% dalam timpuh intercensal 2002–2006, ti dikaitka enggau tikas penambah semula jadi enggau imigresyen ti tinggi.[36] Penyampau tu bisi nurun mimit dalam timpuh intercensal 2006–2011 ke nangkanka nya, enggau ubah peratus pukul rata ninting taun 1.6%. Penyampau penyampau pengada (TFR) ba taun 2017 dipelabaka 1.80 iku anak mit ada seiku indu, baruh ari tikas penganti 2.1, iya mengkang jauh baruh ari tikas ke tinggi iya nya 4.2 iku anak mit ada seiku indu ba taun 1850.[37] Ba taun 2018 umur median peranak Ireland iya nya 37.1 taun.[38]

Maya pengawa ngitung tubuh taun 2022, penyampau peranak ukai peranak menua Ireland dirikod 631,785 iku. Tu ngayanka penambah 8% ari penyampau ngitung tubuh taun 2016 iya nya 535,475 iku.[39] Lima menua penatai peranak ukai peranak menua Ireland ke pemadu mayuh iya nya Poland (93,680), UK (83,347), India (45,449), Romania (43,323), Lithuania (31,177), enggau Latvia (27,338). Bansa ukai Ireland ke pemadu mayuh nambah ari taun 2016 iya nya India (+33,984), Romania (+14,137), Brazil (+13,698), Ukraine (+10,006). Bansa ukai Ireland ke pemadu mayuh nurun ari taun 2016 iya nya Poland (−28,835), UK (−19,766), Lithuania (−5,375), Latvia (−1,633), enggau Slovakia (−1,117).[40]

Jaku

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Artikel batang: Jaku-jaku ba Ireland, Jaku Ireland, and Jaku Inggeris Ireland
 
Peratus penyampau tubuh ti bejaku Irish ninting hari (luar sistem pelajar) dalam pengawa ngitung tubuh taun 2011

Konstitusyen Ireland nerangka jaku Ireland nyadi "jaku nasional" enggau "jaku rasmi keterubah", tang jaku English ("jaku rasmi kedua") nyadi jaku ti dominan. Dalam pengawa ngitung tubuh taun 2016, urung 1.75 juta iku (40% ari penyampau tubuh) madahka diri ulih bejaku Irish tang, ari penyampau nya, baruh ari 74,000 iku bejaku nya ninting hari.[41] Jaku Irish disebut nyadi jaku komuniti semina ba sekeda kandang menua pesisir ke tebal agi ba barat enggau selatan menua nya, ke dikelala enggau nama Gaeltacht. Kelimpah ari ba kandang menua Gaeltacht, tanda jalai selalu iya bisi dua jaku.[42] Tebal notis mensia mayuh enggau media chelak semina dalam jaku English aja. Seraya nengeri tu enggau rasmi dua jaku, rayat suah ulih tusah ngulihka servis nengeri dalam jaku Irish lalu tebal agi penerbitan perintah nadai dalam kededua jaku nya, taja pan rayat bisi hak beruruska nengeri dalam jaku Irish. Media jaku Irish nyengkaum saluran TV TG4, stesyen radio RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta enggau surat berita online Tuairisc.ie. Ba Raban Pertahanan Ireland, semua perintah latih kaki enggau lengan diberi dalam jaku Ireland.

Ketegal imigresyen, jaku Poland nyadi jaku ke pemadu mayuh dikena di Ireland pengudah jaku English, lalu jaku Ireland nyadi jaku ketiga pemadu mayuh dikena.[43] Beberapa jaku Eropah Tengah ke bukai (iya nya Czech, Hungary enggau Slovak), sereta mega jaku Baltik (Lithuania enggau Latvia) mega dikena besehari-sehari. Jaku bukai ke dikena di Ireland nyengkaum jaku Shelta, ke dikena bala Pejalai Ireland, lalu siti dialek Scotland dikena sekeda orang Scotland Ulster di Donegal.[44] Mayuh nembiak sekula sekondari milih belajarka siti tauka dua jaku bansa bukai. Jaku ke bisi disediaka ungkup Sijil Junior enggau Sijil Leaving nyengkaum jaku Perancis, Jerman, Itali enggau Sepanyol; Nembiak Sijil Pemansut mega ulih belajarka jaku Arab, Jepun enggau Rusia. Sekeda sekula sekondari mega bisi nyendiaka jaku Gerika Kuno, Hebrew enggau Latin. Pelajar jaku Irish tu endang wajib ungkup nembiak Leaving Certificate, tang sekeda engka layak nerima pengecualian dalam sekeda gaya, baka penanggul belajar tauka tama ngagai menua nya pengudah umur 11 taun.[45]

Pengarap

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Artikel batang: Pengarap ba Republik Ireland
Pengarap ba Republik Ireland[3]
Pengarap Persin
Katolik
 
 69.1%
Nadai pengarap
 
 14.5%
Protestant
 
 4.0%
Islam
 
 1.6%
Enda dipadah
 
 6.7%
Ke bukai
 
 4.1%

Pengelepas pengarap disediaka nengah konstitusyen di Ireland, lalu konstitusyen menua nya udah sekular kenyau ari taun 1973. Pengarap Kristian nyadi pengarap ke majoriti, lalu sekumbang Ireland mengkang nyadi menua ke tebal agi bepengarap Katolik, peratus penyampau tubuh ke ngelala diri nyadi Katolik ba pengawa ngitung tubuh nurun enggau jampat ari 84.2. peratus ba pengawa ngitung tubuh taun 2011 ngagai 78.3 peratus ba taun 2016 enggau 69 peratus ba taun 2022.[46][47] Asil bukai ari pengawa ngitung tubuh taun 2016 iya nya: 4.2% Protestan, 1.3% Ortodoks, 1.3% nyadi Islam, enggau 9.8% nyadi nadai pengarap.[48] Nitihka pansik ari Universiti Georgetown, sebedau taun 2000 menua tu ngembuan siti ari tikas ke pemadu tinggi ke datai misa enggau tetap di dunya Barat.[49] Seraya penyampau ke datai misa ninting hari iya nya 13% ba taun 2006, bisi pengurang ba penyampau ke datai misa ninting minggu ari 81% ba taun 1990 ngagai 48% ba taun 2006; penurun nya diripotka nyadi stabil, taja pia.[50] Dalam taun 2011, bisi diripotka penyampau mensia mayuh ke datai misa ninting minggu di Dublin iya nya 18% lalu baruh agi ba raban nembiak rebak baru.[51]

 
St Mary's Pro-Cathedral is the seat of the Catholic Church in Dublin.
 
St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, is the national Cathedral of the Church of Ireland.

Gerija Ireland, enggau 2.7% ari penyampau tubuh, nyadi denominasyen Kristian kedua pemadu besai. Penyampau kaban nurun sepemanjai abad kedua puluh tang ngasaika penambah ba pun abad ke-21 begulai enggau denominasi Kristian bukai. Denominasyen Protestan ke bukai ke besai reti iya nya Gerija Presbiterian enggau Gerija Methodist. Imigresyen udah meri pangka ngagai penumbuh penyampau tubuh orang ke bepengarap Hindu enggau Islam. Enti diperatika ari sukut peratus, naka ke diatur pengawa ngitung tubuh taun 2006, pengarap Kristian Ortodoks enggau Islam nyadi pengarap ke pemadu jampat mansang enggau penambah 100% enggau 70%.[52]

Penerang

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Nota

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Penyalat nyebut: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama nomenclature
  2. ↑ Penyalat nyebut: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama national language
  3. ↑ Penyalat nyebut: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama currency
  4. ↑ Penyalat nyebut: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama tld

Malin

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  1. ↑ Constitution, 8. 1937. "Electronic Irish Statute Book (EISB)". Archived from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  2. ↑ "Population Usually Resident and Present in the State". CSO.ie. Central Statistics Office. 30 May 2023. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Population Usually Resident and Present in the State". CSO.ie. Central Statistics Office. 30 May 2023. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
  4. ↑ "Key Findings – Population and Migration Estimates, April 2023". CSO. 25 September 2023.
  5. ↑ "Remote work up, Catholic numbers down in Census data". rte.ie. 30 May 2023. Archived from the original on 30 May 2023.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (Ireland)". imf.org. International Monetary Fund. 16 April 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  7. ↑ "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey". ec.europa.eu. Eurostat. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
  8. ↑ "Human Development Report 2023/24" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. p. 288. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
  9. ↑ "Population and Migration Estimates, April 2018" Archived 26 Januari 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Central Statistics Office, released 28 August 2018
  10. ↑ Ralat Lua pada baris 3162 di Modul:Citation/CS1: attempt to call field 'year_check' (a nil value).
  11. ↑ "Where does the name Ireland come from?". IrishCentral.com. 26 August 2021. Archived from the original on 2 September 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  12. ↑ Coleman, Marie (2013). The Irish Revolution, 1916–1923. Routledge. p. 230. ISBN 978-1317801467. Archived from the original on 9 December 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
  13. ↑ Gallagher, Michael, "The changing constitution", in Gallagher, Michael; Coakley, John, eds. (2010). Politics in the Republic of Ireland. 0415476712. ISBN 978-0415476713. Archived from the original on 9 December 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
  14. ↑ Oliver, J.D.B., What's in a Name, in Tiley, John, ed. (2004). Studies in the History of Tax Law. Hart Publishing. pp. 181–3. ISBN 1841134732. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 12 February 2015. Note: the author uses "Éire", with the diacritic.
  15. ↑ Oliver (2004), p. 178; Daly (2007), p. 80
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Daly, Mary E. (2007). "The Irish Free State/Éire/Republic of Ireland/Ireland: "A Country by Any Other Name"?". Journal of British Studies. 46 (1): 72–90. doi:10.1086/508399. ISSN 0021-9371.
  17. ↑ Acciano, Reuben (2005). Western Europe. Lonely Planet. p. 616. ISBN 1740599276. Archived from the original on 9 December 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
  18. ↑ Smith, M.L.R (2002). Fighting for Ireland?: The Military Strategy of the Irish Republican Movement. Routledge. p. 2. ISBN 1134713975. Archived from the original on 9 December 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
  19. ↑ McGreevy, Ronan (24 February 2020). "Why Sinn Féin will not call the State by its name". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 25 August 2022. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
  20. ↑ "Dáil Éireann debate – Irish Nationality and Citizenship Bill, 1999". Oireachtas. 13 April 2000. Archived from the original on 25 August 2022. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
  21. ↑ "History of Forestry in Ireland" Archived 30 Januari 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Teagasc.
  22. ↑ Native Species Archived 9 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Tree Council of Ireland.
  23. ↑ "History of Forestry in Ireland". Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2011.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "Forest Statistics – Ireland 2017" (PDF). Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine. pp. 3, 63. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
  25. ↑ "Native trees cover just 2% of Ireland. How can this be increased?" Archived 4 Mac 2020 at the Wayback Machine. The Irish Times, 6 July 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
  26. ↑ "Ireland's native woodlands are quietly disappearing" Archived 16 Februari 2019 at the Wayback Machine. The Irish Times, 19 June 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
  27. ↑ "Forestry – Did you know?". coillte.ie. Coillte. Archived from the original on 9 April 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2019. Ireland has an ideal climate for forestry with one of the fastest growth rates of trees in Europe
  28. ↑ "Hedgerows". Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 15 June 2011.
  29. ↑ Ralat Lua pada baris 3162 di Modul:Citation/CS1: attempt to call field 'year_check' (a nil value).
  30. ↑ "Agriculture in Ireland". Teagasc.ie. Archived from the original on 4 October 1999. Retrieved 12 November 2010.
  31. ↑ Ralat Lua pada baris 3162 di Modul:Citation/CS1: attempt to call field 'year_check' (a nil value).
  32. ↑ "Ireland". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
  33. ↑ "Census of Population 2022 – Summary Results". Central Statistics Office Ireland. 30 May 2023.
  34. ↑ Ireland continues to have highest birth rate in the European Union Archived 13 Februari 2019 at the Wayback Machine. BBC News. (20 December 2012). Retrieved 16 July 2013.
  35. ↑ "Vital Statistics Yearly Summary 2014 – CSO – Central Statistics Office". cso.ie. 29 May 2015. Archived from the original on 11 July 2017. Retrieved 30 July 2017.
  36. ↑ "Ireland's population still fastest-growing in EU". Thomas Crosbie Media. 18 December 2007. Archived from the original on 11 December 2008. Retrieved 9 July 2009.
  37. ↑ Ralat Lua pada baris 3162 di Modul:Citation/CS1: attempt to call field 'year_check' (a nil value).
  38. ↑ Templat:Citation-attribution
  39. ↑ "Census of Population 2022 – Summary Results". Central Statistics Office. 30 May 2023. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
  40. ↑ "Population Usually Resident and Present in the State". Central Statistics Office. 30 May 2023. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
  41. ↑ "Irish Language and the Gaeltacht (within Census of Population 2016 – Profile 10 Education, Skills and the Irish Language)". Central Statistics Office. Government of Ireland. Archived from the original on 8 December 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  42. ↑ Templat:Cite ISB
  43. ↑ "Irish is third most used language – Census". Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 29 March 2012. Archived from the original on 30 December 2019. Retrieved 30 July 2017.
  44. ↑ An introduction to the Ulster-Scots Language Archived 1 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Ulster-Scots Agency.
  45. ↑ "Pupils exempt from the study of the Irish language (per Circular M10/94 – Revision of Rule 46 of the "Rules and Programme for Secondary Schools" in relation to exemption from Irish)". Department of Education and Skills. Archived from the original on 24 November 2012. Retrieved 27 October 2010.
  46. ↑ "Press Statement Census 2016 Results Profile 8 - Irish Travellers, Ethnicity and Religion - CSO - Central Statistics Office". www.cso.ie (in Inggeris). Retrieved 2024-07-04.
  47. ↑ "Religion - CSO - Central Statistics Office". www.cso.ie (in Inggeris). 2023-10-26. Retrieved 2024-07-04.
  48. ↑ "Census 2016 Summary Results – Part 1" (PDF). 6 April 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 6 April 2017.
  49. ↑ Weekly Mass Attendance of Catholics in Nations with Large Catholic Populations, 1980–2000 – World Values Survey (WVS)
  50. ↑ Irish Mass attendance below 50% Archived 3 Mei 2011 at the Wayback Machine Catholic World News 1 June 2006
  51. ↑ Smyth, Jamie (30 May 2011). "Fewer than one in five attend Sunday Mass in Dublin'". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 8 January 2014. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
  52. ↑ Ralat Lua pada baris 3162 di Modul:Citation/CS1: attempt to call field 'year_check' (a nil value).
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