Bumiputera

Bumiputera (Jawi: بوميڤوترا‎) nya leka jaku ti dikena ba Malaysia kena nerangka pegulai raban bansa Melayu, Orang Asli ba Semenanjung Malaysia, enggau mayuh macham raban bansa asal Malaysia Timur.

Definisyen rasmi

Diagram penuduk spesyel bumiputera baruh Konstitusyen Malaysia.

Konsep raban bansa bumiputera ba Malaysia ditempa Abdul Razak Hussein. Konsep tu ngelala "penuduk spesyel" raban bansa Melayu ti disengkaum ba Konstitusyen Malaysia, kelebih agi Artikel 153. Taja pia, konstitusyen nya enda ngena leka jaku bumiputera; mina "Melayu" enggau "Orang Asli" (Artikel 160(2)),^[1] "raban bansa asal" Sarawak (161A(6)(a)),^[2] enggau "raban bansa asal" Sabah (Article 161A(6) (b)).^[2] Definisyen bumiputera dalam guna mensia mayuh bebida entara institusyen, gerempung, enggau jabatan enggau ejensi perintah ti bebida.

Dalam debat parlimen 13 November 1965, Menteri Besai, Tunku Abdul Rahman, ditanya Lim Chong Eu enti bisi "definisyen undang-undang enggau konstitusyen leka jaku "Bumiputera", lalu sekalika anak peranak menua Malaysia ti ada pengudah 31 Ogos 1963, mega deka bulih semua hak "Bumiputera". Ungkup tanya tu, Tunku nyaut: "Tuan Speaker, Tuan, leka jaku ‘Bumiputera’...nadai reti undang-undang kelimpah ari naka ke diatu nanda orang asal tanah besai Malaya enggau orang asal Negeri-Negeri Borneo". Iya udah nya ngemendarka penguntung ari baruh Artikel 153 nya ungkup "orang asal Malaysia...ti kurang maju sereta kurang ulih besemekih enggau orang Malaysia bukai tu".^[3]

Dalam bup Buku Panduan Kemasukan ke Institusi Pengajian Tinggi Awam, Program Pengajian Lepasan SPM/Setaraf Sesi Akademik 2007/2008 (Bup lalau tama ngagai palan pelajar tinggi rama ungkup graduet SPM/setara ungkup taun akademik 2007/2008), Opis Menteri Pelajar Tinggi Malaysia meri definisyen bumiputera baka tu, bepanggai ba kandang menua asal peminta individu:^[4]

Semenanjung Malaysia
- "Enti siku ari apai indai iya Melayu Islam/Orang Asli^[5] baka dipadah ba Artikel 160 (2) Konsitusyen Perintah Besai Malaysia; anak nya dikumbai Bumiputera mega"
Sabah
- "Enti anak nya ada ba Sabah tauka apai nya bedumisi di Sabah maya ada, lalu seiku ari apai indai nya peranak asal asal Sabah baka ke dipadah dalam Perkara 161A (6)(b) Konsititusyen Perintah Besai Malaysia, anak nya dikumbai nyadi Bumiputera"
Sarawak
- "Enti kededua apai indai nya peranak asal asal Sarawak baka ti dipadah dalam Perkara 161A (6)(a) Konstitusyen Perintah Besai Malaysia; enggau nya anak seduai iya dikumbai nyadi Bumiputera"

Kelimpah ari interpretasyen ti diberi di atas, definisyen bumiputera ti lebih besai nyengkaum raban baka orang asal Indonesia, Siam Malaysia,^[6] Orang Islam India India Malaysia, Peranakan enggau orang Kristang ti bisi peturun Portugis-Eurasia.^[7] Tebal agi ari nya mungkur komuniti ke ditumbuhka ba Asia tenggara sebedau timpuh perintah kolonial British ti meda imigresyen besai ari China.

Ba Sarawak, bisi kes orang ke bisi seiku apai indai bumiputera enggau seiku apai indai ukai bumiputera dibuai ketegal ukai bumiputera.^[4] Taja pia, ukum tu udah diubah kena taun 2022.^[8]

Malin

↑ "Part XII: General and Miscellaneous, Constitution of Malaysia (Articles 152–160)", helplinelaw.com. Accessed 30 May 2007
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Part XIIA: Additional Protections for States of Sabah and Sarawak, Constitution of Malaysia (Articles 161 – 161h), helplinelaw. Accessed 30 May 2007
↑ Parliamentary Debates, Dewan Ra'ayat (House of Representatives), Official Report, Second Session of the Second Parliament of Malaysia, vol. II, Session 1965–1966, 13 November 1965 (Kuala Lumpur: GPO), cols. 2467–2476.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 "Being 'mixed' is no privilege". Borneo Post. 29 Oktober 2009. Archived from the original on 1 November 2009. Retrieved 29 Oktober 2009.
↑ "Takrifan Bumiputera (The definition of Bumiputera)" (in Melayu). Ministry of Higher Education (Malaysia). Archived from the original on 5 Februari 2012. Retrieved 27 Februari 2012.
↑ Webmaster, M. T. (2012-02-25). "Siamese community now regarded as Bumiputeras". Malaysia Today (in Inggeris AS). Retrieved 2024-05-09.
↑ "Malaysia: The People of Malaysia", TripAdvisor
↑ Chandra, Sarah Hafizah (2022-02-20). "Of Mixed Marriages And Recognition Of Native Status". New Sarawak Tribune (in Inggeris AS). Retrieved 2024-05-09.

[1] "Part XII: General and Miscellaneous, Constitution of Malaysia (Articles 152–160)", helplinelaw.com. Accessed 30 May 2007

[FC-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Part XIIA: Additional Protections for States of Sabah and Sarawak, Constitution of Malaysia (Articles 161 – 161h), helplinelaw. Accessed 30 May 2007

[3] Parliamentary Debates, Dewan Ra'ayat (House of Representatives), Official Report, Second Session of the Second Parliament of Malaysia, vol. II, Session 1965–1966, 13 November 1965 (Kuala Lumpur: GPO), cols. 2467–2476.

[being_mixed-4] 4.0 ^4.1 "Being 'mixed' is no privilege". Borneo Post. 29 Oktober 2009. Archived from the original on 1 November 2009. Retrieved 29 Oktober 2009.

[Takrifan_Bumiputera_{ms}-5] "Takrifan Bumiputera (The definition of Bumiputera)" (in Melayu). Ministry of Higher Education (Malaysia). Archived from the original on 5 Februari 2012. Retrieved 27 Februari 2012.

[6] Webmaster, M. T. (2012-02-25). "Siamese community now regarded as Bumiputeras". Malaysia Today (in Inggeris AS). Retrieved 2024-05-09.

[7] "Malaysia: The People of Malaysia", TripAdvisor

[8] Chandra, Sarah Hafizah (2022-02-20). "Of Mixed Marriages And Recognition Of Native Status". New Sarawak Tribune (in Inggeris AS). Retrieved 2024-05-09.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]