Mata panas

Sun
	The Sun, filmed through a clear solar filter
Names	Sun, Sol, Sól, Helios
Adjectives	Solar
Symbol
Observation data
Mean distance from Earth	1 AU; 149,600,000 km; 8 min 19 s, light speed
Visual brightness	−26.74 (V)
Absolute magnitude	4.83
Spectral classification	G2V
Metallicity	Z = 0.0122
Angular size	0.527–0.545°
Orbital characteristics
Mean distance from Milky Way core	24,000 to 28,000 light-years
Galactic period	225–250 million years
Velocity	251 km/s; orbit Galactic Center; 20 km/s; to stellar neighborhood; 370 km/s; to cosmic microwave background;
Obliquity	7.25° (ecliptic); 67.23° (galactic plane);
Right ascension North pole	286.13° (286° 7′ 48″)
Declination of North pole	+63.87° (63° 52′ 12"N)
Sidereal rotation period	25.05 days (equator); 34.4 days (poles);
Equatorial rotation velocity	1.997 km/s
Physical characteristics
Equatorial radius	6.957 x 108 m; 109 × Earth radii
Flattening	0.00005
Surface area	6.09×1012 km2; REDIRECT Templat:nowrap × Earth;
Volume	1.412×1018 km3; 1,300,000 × Earth;
Mass	1.9885×1030 kg; 332,950 Earths;
Average density	1.408 g/cm3; 0.255 × Earth
Age	4.6 billion years
Equatorial surface gravity	274 m/s2; 27.9 g0
Moment of inertia factor	≈0.070
Surface escape velocity	617.7 km/s; 55 × Earth
Temperature	15,700,000 K (center); 5,772 K (photosphere); 5,000,000 K (corona);
Luminosity	3.828×1026 W; 3.75×1028 lm; 98 lm/W efficacy;
Color (B-V)	0.656
Mean radiance	2.009×107 W·m−2·sr−1
Photosphere composition by mass	73.46% hydrogen; 24.85% helium; 0.77% oxygen; 0.29% carbon; 0.16% iron; 0.12% neon; 0.09% nitrogen; 0.07% silicon; 0.05% magnesium; 0.04% sulfur;

Mata panas nya siti bintang ba tengah Sistem Solar. Iya nya sfera plasma angat ti besai sereta nyau deka sempurna, dipanas nyentukka nyadi pijar nengah reaksyen fusi nuklear dalam teras iya, mansutka tenaga ari permukaan iya tebal agi nyadi penampak ti tampak enggau radiasyen inframerah enggau 10% ba tenaga ultraviolet. Iya jauh nyadi pun penatai kuasa ti pemadu beguna ngagai pengidup ba Bumi. Mata panas udah nyadi objek ti dipebasaka dalam mayuh budaya. Iya udah nyadi subjek tengah ungkup pansik astronomi kenyau ari jeman kelia.

Penerang

↑ Penyalat nyebut: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama OED
↑ Penyalat nyebut: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama Lexico
↑ Penyalat nyebut: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama OED2
↑ Pitjeva, E. V.; Standish, E. M. (2009). "Proposals for the masses of the three largest asteroids, the Moon–Earth mass ratio and the Astronomical Unit". Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy (id jaku Inggeris). 103 (4): 365–372. Bibcode:2009CeMDA.103..365P. doi:10.1007/s10569-009-9203-8. ISSN 1572-9478. S2CID 121374703. Diarkib ari asal ba 9 July 2019. Diambi 13 July 2019.
↑ ^5.00 ^5.01 ^5.02 ^5.03 ^5.04 ^5.05 ^5.06 ^5.07 ^5.08 ^5.09 ^5.10 ^5.11 ^5.12 ^5.13 Williams, D. R. (1 July 2013). "Sun Fact Sheet". NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Diarkib ari asal ba 15 July 2010. Diambi 12 August 2013.
↑ Zombeck, Martin V. (1990). Handbook of Space Astronomy and Astrophysics 2nd edition. Cambridge University Press. Diarkib ari asal ba 3 February 2021. Diambi 13 January 2016.
↑ Asplund, M.; Grevesse, N.; Sauval, A. J. (2006). "The new solar abundances – Part I: the observations". Communications in Asteroseismology. 147: 76–79. Bibcode:2006CoAst.147...76A. doi:10.1553/cia147s76. ISSN 1021-2043. S2CID 123824232.
↑ "Eclipse 99: Frequently Asked Questions". NASA. Diarkib ari asal on 27 May 2010. Diambi 24 October 2010.
↑ Francis, Charles; Anderson, Erik (June 2014). "Two estimates of the distance to the Galactic Centre". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 441 (2): 1105–1114. arXiv:1309.2629. Bibcode:2014MNRAS.441.1105F. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu631. S2CID 119235554.
↑ Hinshaw, G.; Weiland, J. L.; Hill, R. S.; Odegard, N.; Larson, D.; et al. (2009). "Five-year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe observations: data processing, sky maps, and basic results". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 180 (2): 225–245. arXiv:0803.0732. Bibcode:2009ApJS..180..225H. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/180/2/225. S2CID 3629998.
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 ^11.3 ^11.4 ^11.5 "Solar System Exploration: Planets: Sun: Facts & Figures". NASA. Diarkib ari asal on 2 January 2008.
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 Prša, Andrej; Harmanec, Petr; Torres, Guillermo; et al. (2016-08-01). "NOMINAL VALUES FOR SELECTED SOLAR AND PLANETARY QUANTITIES: IAU 2015 RESOLUTION B3 * †". The Astronomical Journal. 152 (2): 41. arXiv:1510.07674. doi:10.3847/0004-6256/152/2/41. ISSN 0004-6256.
↑ Bonanno, A.; Schlattl, H.; Paternò, L. (2002). "The age of the Sun and the relativistic corrections in the EOS". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 390 (3): 1115–1118. arXiv:astro-ph/0204331. Bibcode:2002A&A...390.1115B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20020749. S2CID 119436299.
↑ Connelly, J. N.; Bizzarro, M.; Krot, A. N.; Nordlund, Å.; Wielandt, D.; Ivanova, M. A. (2 November 2012). "The Absolute Chronology and Thermal Processing of Solids in the Solar Protoplanetary Disk". Science. 338 (6107): 651–655. Bibcode:2012Sci...338..651C. doi:10.1126/science.1226919. PMID 23118187. S2CID 21965292.Templat:Registration required
↑ Gray, David F. (November 1992). "The Inferred Color Index of the Sun". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 104 (681): 1035–1038. Bibcode:1992PASP..104.1035G. doi:10.1086/133086.
↑ "The Sun's Vital Statistics". Stanford Solar Center. Diarkib ari asal ba 14 October 2012. Diambi 29 July 2008. Citing Eddy, J. (1979). A New Sun: The Solar Results From Skylab. NASA. p. 37. NASA SP-402. Diarkib ari asal ba 30 July 2021. Diambi 12 July 2017.

[OED-1] Penyalat nyebut: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama OED

[Lexico-2] Penyalat nyebut: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama Lexico

[OED2-3] Penyalat nyebut: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama OED2

[Pitjeva2009-4] Pitjeva, E. V.; Standish, E. M. (2009). "Proposals for the masses of the three largest asteroids, the Moon–Earth mass ratio and the Astronomical Unit". Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy (id jaku Inggeris). 103 (4): 365–372. Bibcode:2009CeMDA.103..365P. doi:10.1007/s10569-009-9203-8. ISSN 1572-9478. S2CID 121374703. Diarkib ari asal ba 9 July 2019. Diambi 13 July 2019.

[nssdc-5] 5.00 ^5.01 ^5.02 ^5.03 ^5.04 ^5.05 ^5.06 ^5.07 ^5.08 ^5.09 ^5.10 ^5.11 ^5.12 ^5.13 Williams, D. R. (1 July 2013). "Sun Fact Sheet". NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Diarkib ari asal ba 15 July 2010. Diambi 12 August 2013.

[6] Zombeck, Martin V. (1990). Handbook of Space Astronomy and Astrophysics 2nd edition. Cambridge University Press. Diarkib ari asal ba 3 February 2021. Diambi 13 January 2016.

[7] Asplund, M.; Grevesse, N.; Sauval, A. J. (2006). "The new solar abundances – Part I: the observations". Communications in Asteroseismology. 147: 76–79. Bibcode:2006CoAst.147...76A. doi:10.1553/cia147s76. ISSN 1021-2043. S2CID 123824232.

[8] "Eclipse 99: Frequently Asked Questions". NASA. Diarkib ari asal on 27 May 2010. Diambi 24 October 2010.

[francis14-9] Francis, Charles; Anderson, Erik (June 2014). "Two estimates of the distance to the Galactic Centre". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 441 (2): 1105–1114. arXiv:1309.2629. Bibcode:2014MNRAS.441.1105F. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu631. S2CID 119235554.

[10] Hinshaw, G.; Weiland, J. L.; Hill, R. S.; Odegard, N.; Larson, D.; et al. (2009). "Five-year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe observations: data processing, sky maps, and basic results". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 180 (2): 225–245. arXiv:0803.0732. Bibcode:2009ApJS..180..225H. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/180/2/225. S2CID 3629998.

[sse-11] 11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 ^11.3 ^11.4 ^11.5 "Solar System Exploration: Planets: Sun: Facts & Figures". NASA. Diarkib ari asal on 2 January 2008.

[IAU2015resB3-12] 12.0 ^12.1 Prša, Andrej; Harmanec, Petr; Torres, Guillermo; et al. (2016-08-01). "NOMINAL VALUES FOR SELECTED SOLAR AND PLANETARY QUANTITIES: IAU 2015 RESOLUTION B3 * †". The Astronomical Journal. 152 (2): 41. arXiv:1510.07674. doi:10.3847/0004-6256/152/2/41. ISSN 0004-6256.

[Bonanno-13] Bonanno, A.; Schlattl, H.; Paternò, L. (2002). "The age of the Sun and the relativistic corrections in the EOS". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 390 (3): 1115–1118. arXiv:astro-ph/0204331. Bibcode:2002A&A...390.1115B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20020749. S2CID 119436299.

[14] Connelly, J. N.; Bizzarro, M.; Krot, A. N.; Nordlund, Å.; Wielandt, D.; Ivanova, M. A. (2 November 2012). "The Absolute Chronology and Thermal Processing of Solids in the Solar Protoplanetary Disk". Science. 338 (6107): 651–655. Bibcode:2012Sci...338..651C. doi:10.1126/science.1226919. PMID 23118187. S2CID 21965292.Templat:Registration required

[15] Gray, David F. (November 1992). "The Inferred Color Index of the Sun". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 104 (681): 1035–1038. Bibcode:1992PASP..104.1035G. doi:10.1086/133086.

[16] "The Sun's Vital Statistics". Stanford Solar Center. Diarkib ari asal ba 14 October 2012. Diambi 29 July 2008. Citing Eddy, J. (1979). A New Sun: The Solar Results From Skylab. NASA. p. 37. NASA SP-402. Diarkib ari asal ba 30 July 2021. Diambi 12 July 2017.

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Observation data
The Sun, filmed through a clear solar filter
Names	Sun, Sol,^[1] Sól, Helios^[2]
Adjectives	Solar^[3]
Symbol
Mean distance from Earth	1 AU 149,600,000 km 8 min 19 s, light speed^[4]
Visual brightness	−26.74 (V)^[5]
Absolute magnitude	4.83^[5]
Spectral classification	G2V^[6]
Metallicity	Z = 0.0122^[7]
Angular size	0.527–0.545°^[8]
Orbital characteristics
Mean distance from Milky Way core	24,000 to 28,000 light-years^[9]
Galactic period	225–250 million years
Velocity	251 km/s orbit Galactic Center 20 km/s to stellar neighborhood 370 km/s to cosmic microwave background^[10]
Obliquity	7.25° (ecliptic)^[5] 67.23° (galactic plane)
Right ascension North pole	286.13° (286° 7′ 48″)^[5]
Declination of North pole	+63.87° (63° 52′ 12"N)^[5]
Sidereal rotation period	25.05 days (equator) 34.4 days (poles)^[5]
Equatorial rotation velocity	1.997 km/s^[11]
Physical characteristics
Equatorial radius	6.957 x 10⁸ m^[12] 109 × Earth radii^[11]
Flattening	0.00005^[5]
Surface area	6.09×10¹² km² REDIRECT Templat:nowrap × Earth^[11]
Volume	1.412×10¹⁸ km³ 1,300,000 × Earth
Mass	1.9885×10³⁰ kg^[5] 332,950 Earths^[5]
Average density	1.408 g/cm³ 0.255 × Earth^[5]^[11]
Age	4.6 billion years^[13]^[14]
Equatorial surface gravity	274 m/s²^[5] 27.9 g₀^[11]
Moment of inertia factor	≈0.070^[5]
Surface escape velocity	617.7 km/s 55 × Earth^[11]
Temperature	15,700,000 K (center)^[5] 5,772 K (photosphere)^[12] 5,000,000 K (corona)
Luminosity	3.828×10²⁶ W^[5] 3.75×10²⁸ lm 98 lm/W efficacy
Color (B-V)	0.656^[15]
Mean radiance	2.009×10⁷ W·m⁻²·sr⁻¹
Photosphere composition by mass	73.46% hydrogen 24.85% helium 0.77% oxygen 0.29% carbon 0.16% iron 0.12% neon 0.09% nitrogen 0.07% silicon 0.05% magnesium 0.04% sulfur^[16]