Jaku Kelabit
Jaku Kelabit nya siti ari jaku ti dikena orang Kelabit ba Borneo, entara sempadan Sarawak–Kalimantan Utara.
| Jaku Kelabit | |
|---|---|
| Menua | Borneo |
Penyampau orang ke bejaku | 5,000 (2000–2011)[1] |
| Kod jaku | |
| ISO 639-3 | kzi |
| Glottolog | kela1258 |
Fonologi
editUrup vokal kelabit ia nya /ə, a, e, i, o, u/. Semua konsonan kechuali pengetu munyi ti diaspirasyen dipanjaika pengudah ditekan ba /ə/. Tekan iya nyadi ba suku jaku ke penudi.
Kelabit tebilang ketegal ngembuan "siri aspirat ti bemunyi ti bendar ti jarang ditemu ari sukut tipologi" (iya nya, ukai konsonan ti bemunyi ti enseput/munyi; ba sekeda orang ti bejaku sida dibunyi dulu) begulai enggau konsonan ti bemunyi modal enggau tenuis tang nadai siri aspirat ti nadai bemunyi ti nyempulang. Iya semina jaku ti dikelala ngembuan konsonan aspirat ti bemunyi tauka konsonan murmur enggau nadai mega ngembuan konsonan aspirat ti nadai bemunyi, siti situasyen ti udah digaga baru ungkup jaku Proto-Indo-Eropah.[2][3]
| Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar /Palatal |
Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||||
| Stop | tenuis | p | t̪ | k | ʔ | ||
| modally voiced | b | d͇ | (dʒ) | ɡ | |||
| aspirated voiced /prevoiced |
b͡pʰ ~ b͡p | d͇͡t͇ʃʰ ~ d͇͡t͇ | ɡ͡kʰ ~ ɡ͡k | ||||
| Fricative | s | h | |||||
| Sonorant | l, ɾ͇ | j | w | ||||
Ba ujung leka jaku, /t/ disebut [θ]. Bisi sekeda orang ke ngena jaku tu ngafikat /d͇͡t͇ʰ/; dalam jaku ke munyi semak ia nya Lun Dayeh, refleks konsonan tu afrikat enda diaspirat [d͡tʃ]. /dʒ/ nya jarang nyadi lalu enda ditemu ba mayuh dialek.
Flap nya alveolar. Utai tu enda terang enti /n/ enggau koronal sonorant ke bukai nya alveolar baka /d/ tauka dental baka /t/.
Siri munyi aspirasyen semina nyadi intervokal, lalu engka nyadi ari konsonan geminate. Munyi-munyi tu paling enda impresionis dua kali lipat panjai ari endur ngetu bukai. Bisi pemida entara /b d͇ ɡ/ baruh sufiksasyen, enggau /b͡pʰ d͇͡t͇ʰ ɡ͡kʰ/ nyadi ba endur konsonan bukai deka digeminasi ngena chara alofoni:
- /təb͡pʰəŋ/ [ˈtəb͡pʰəŋ] 'labuh' > /təbəŋ-ən/ [təˈbəŋːən] 'labuh nya!'
- /kətəd/ [ˈkətːəd] 'belakang (n)' > /kətəd͇͡t͇ʰ-ən/ [kəˈtəd͇͡t͇ʰən] 'ditinggal belakang'
Bisi beberapa iti argumen dikena ngaga analisis konsonan munyi aspirasyen nyadi segmen ari ti nyadi kluster konsonan:
- Nadai kluster (lain) dikemendarka dalam jaku nya. Sekeda jaku semina ngemendarka konsonan geminate aja nyadi rumpun, tang nadai (lain) geminate fonemik dalam jaku Kelabit. Dalam sekeda jaku ti bekaul, baka jaku Ida’an, refleks munyi tu terang bendar endang beperangai baka rumpun.
- Pechah patah sebut nyadi dulu ari konsonan (iya nya, [a.bpa], lalu ukai ba tengah ([ab.pa]), iya nya ulah rumpun konsonan (nyengkaum geminate) dalam jaku ti bekaul ti ngemendarka sida. /i , u/ nurun ngagai [ɪ, ʊ] sebedau sebarang konsonan koda ukai glotal Sida enda nurun sebedau konsonan bemunyi ti diaspirasyen, sekali agi nunjukka sida ukai rumpun konsonan.
Siri munyi ti diaspirasyen nya nadai ayan ba semua dialek jaku Kelabit tauka Lun Dayeh:
| b͡p⁽ʰ⁾ | d͡t⁽ʰ⁾ | ɡ͡k⁽ʰ⁾ | Bario, Pa' Omor, Long Lellang, Lun Dayeh: Long Semado |
| p | t | k | Pa' Mada |
| p | tʃ | k | Long Terawan Tring |
| p | s | k | Batu Patung, Pa' Dalih, Sa'ban |
| f | tʃ | k | Lun Dayeh: Long Pala |
| f | s | k | Long Napir, Long Seridan |
Malin
edit- ↑ Jaku Kelabit at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ↑ Blust, Robert A. (1974). "A Double Counter‐Universal in Kelabit". Paper in Linguistics. 7 (3–4): 309–324. doi:10.1080/08351817409370376.
- ↑ See glottalic theory.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Blust, Robert A. (2006). "The Origin of the Kelabit Voiced Aspirates: A Historical Hypothesis Revisited". Oceanic Linguistics. 45 (2): 311–338. doi:10.1353/ol.2007.0001. JSTOR 4499967.
Bibliografi
edit- Asmah Haji Omar (1983). The Malay Peoples of Malaysia and Their Languages. Kuala Lumpur: Art Printing Works.
- Blust, Robert (1974). The Proto-North Sarawak vowel deletion hypothesis. PhD Dissertation, University of Hawai‘i at Manoa.
- Blust, Robert (1993). ‘Kelabit-English vocabulary’. Sarawak Museum Journal 44 (65): 141‑226.
- Blust, Robert (2006). ‘The Origin of the Kelabit Voiced Aspirates: A Historical Hypothesis Revisited’. Oceanic Linguistics 45 (2): 311-338.
- Blust, Robert (2016). Kelabit-Lun Dayeh Phonology, with Special Reference to the Voiced Aspirates. Oceanic Linguistics 55 (1): 246-277.
- Bolang, Alexander & Tom Harrisson (1949). ‘Murut and related vocabularies with special reference to North Borneo terminology’. Sarawak Museum Journal 5: 116-124
- Douglas, R. S. (1911). ‘A comparative vocabulary of the Kayan, Kenyan and Kelabit dialects’. Sarawak Museum Journal 1 (1): 75-119.
- Galih, Balang (1965). Kapah Ayo’ Tana’ Inih Pangah Penudut Guma Nepeled. How the World was Made by Guma Nepeled: A Kelabit-Murut Story. The Sarawak Gazette, May 31, 152.
- Hemmings, Charlotte (2015). Kelabit Voice: Philippine-Type, Indonesian-Type or Something a Bit Different? Transactions of the Philological Society 113(3): 383-405.
- Hemmings, Charlotte (2016). The Kelabit Language, Austronesian Voice and Syntactic Typology. PhD Dissertation, Department of Linguistics, SOAS, University of London. [1]
- Martin, Peter W (1996). A Comparative Ethnolinguistic Survey of the Murut (Lun Bawang) with Special Reference to Brunei. In Peter W. Martin, Conrad Oz̊óg & Gloria Poedjosoedarmo (eds.), Language Use and Language Change in Brunei Darussalam, 268-279. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press.
- Martin, Peter W. & Eileen Yen (1994). Language use among the Kelabit living in urban centres. In Peter W. Martin (ed.), Shifting Patterns of Language Use in Borneo, 147 163. Williamsburg VA: Borneo Research Council.
Link eksternal
edit- ELAR archive of Kelabit language documentation materials
- Kaipuleohone archive of Robert Blust's materials include notes on Kelabit.