Jaku Cree
Jaku Cree (/kriː/; dikelala mega enggau nama Jaku Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi) iya nya kontinum dialek jaku Algonquian ti disebut urung 86,475 iku orang asal di serata Kanada dalam taun 2021,[4] ari Northwest Territories nyentukka Alberta ngagai Labrador.[5] Enti dianggap siti jaku, jaku tu nyadi jaku asal ke pemadu mayuh orang ngena ba Kanada.[4] Semina pelilih menua ke bisi sebarang status rasmi jaku Cree iya nya ba Northwest Territories, begulai enggau lapan jaku asal bukai.[6] Dia, jaku Cree tebal agi dikena ba Fort Smith enggau Sungai Hay.[7]
Jaku Cree | |
---|---|
ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ, nēhiyawēwin (Emperan) ᓃᐦᐃᖬᐑᐏᐣ, nīhithawīwin (Kampung) ᓀᐦᐃᓇᐌᐎᐣ, nêhinawêwin (Swampy B) ᐃᓂᓃᒧᐎᓐ, ininîmowin (Swampy T) ᐃᔨᓂᐤ ᐊᔭᒥᐎᓐ, Iyiniu-Ayamiwin (Timur Laut) ᐄᔨᔫ ᐊᔨᒨᓐ, Iyiyiu-Ayamiwin (Tenggara) | |
Dikena ba | Kanada; Amerika Serikat (Montana) |
Bansa | Cree |
Penyampau orang ke bejaku | 96,000, 27% ari raban bansa (2016)[1] (nyengkaum Montagnais–Naskapi enggau Atikamekw) |
Algik
| |
Latin, Silabik jaku asal Kanada (Cree) | |
Status resmi | |
Jaku resmi ba | Templat:Country data Northwest Territories[3] |
Diaku jaku minoriti ba | |
Kod jaku | |
ISO 639-1 | cr |
ISO 639-2 | cre |
ISO 639-3 | cre – inclusive codeIndividual codes: crk – Plains Creecwd – Woods Creecsw – Swampy Creecrm – Moose Creecrl – Northern East Creecrj – Southern East Creensk – Naskapimoe – Montagnaisatj – Atikamekw |
Glottolog | cree1271 Cree–Montagnais–Naskapicree1272 |
Enam iti dialek jaku Cree diklasifikasyenka nyadi Rawan ulih Atlas Jaku Dunya ti deka Punas UNESCO. | |
Penatai enggau agih
editJaku Cree dipelabaka berengkah nyadi dialek jaku Proto-Algonquian ke dikena entara 2,500 ngagai 3,000 taun ke udah ba menua asal Algonquian, kandang endur ke bedau ditetapka ke dipelabaka semak enggau Tasik Besai. Orang ke bejaku ngena jaku proto-Cree dipelabaka udah mindah ke utara, lalu ngelimpangka diri enggau chukup jampat ngagai dua raban ke bebida ba tiap-tiap tisi James Bay. Raban timur udah nya berengkah ngelimpangka diri ngagai dialek ti bebida, lalu raban barat nyangka pechah nyadi dialek ti bebida jauh udah nya.[8] Udah tu tusah bendar deka ngaga penerang ti terang pasal baka ni raban ti bebida nya mansutka diri sereta mindah kin-kitu, laban nadai kereja betulis dalam jaku-jaku ti tau dibandingka, lalu penerang ti digaga orang Eropah enda sistematik; pia mega, orang Algonquian ngembuan tradisyen dua jaku lalu indah terus ngambi jaku baru ari orang ke berimbai pendiau.[9]
Penemu tradisional entara bala antropolog enggau sejarawan dagang bulu abad ke-20 madahka bansa Cree Kampung Barat enggau Cree Emperan (lalu ketegal nya dialek sida) enda ngelimpangka diri ari bansa Cree bukai sebedau taun 1670, lebuh bansa Cree ngerembai ari menua asal sida semak James . Teluk ketegal akses ngagai senyata api Eropah. Enti dibida, James Smith ari Muzium Orang India Amerika madahka, dalam taun 1987, pemerat bukti arkeologi enggau jaku ngengkahka bansa Cree jauh ke barat baka Wilayah Sungai Peace Alberta sebedau kaul Eropah.[10]
Fonologi
editJadual tu ngayanka fonem konsonan ti tau nyadi dalam jaku Cree tauka siti ari bansa iya.
Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m ⟨m⟩ | n ⟨n/ñ/ń⟩ | |||||
Plosive | p ⟨p⟩ | t ⟨t⟩ | t͡s~t͡ʃ ⟨c⟩ | t͡ʃ ⟨ch/tc/č⟩ | k ⟨k⟩ | ||
Fricative | ð ⟨th⟩ | s~ʃ ⟨s⟩ | ʃ ⟨sh/c/š⟩ | h ⟨h⟩ | |||
Approximant | ɹ ⟨r⟩ | j ⟨y/i/ý⟩ | w ⟨w⟩ | ||||
Lateral | l ⟨l⟩ |
Front | Central | Back | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Close | ɪ ⟨i⟩ | iː ⟨ii/ī/î⟩ | o~ʊ ⟨u\o⟩ | oː~uː ⟨uu/ū/û \ ō/ô⟩ | ||
Mid | eː ⟨e/ē/ê⟩ | ə ⟨a⟩ | ||||
Open | aː ⟨aa/ā/â⟩ |
Sistem urup
editDialek-dialek Cree, kelimpah ari ke dikena ba timur Quebec enggau Labrador, ditulis ngena chara tradisional ngena silabik Cree, siti varian ari silabik Aborigin Kanada, tang tau ditulis ngena urup Latin mega. Kededua sistem urup tu ngayanka jaku nya ari sukut fonetik. Jaku Cree selalu ditulis ari kiba ke kanan mendatar.[11] Dialek ti pemadu timur ditulis ngena skrip Latin eksklusif. Dialek jaku Plains Cree, Woods Cree, enggau Swampy Cree barat ngena silabik Cree Barat lalu dialek Swampy Cree timur, Cree Timur, Moose Cree, enggau Naskapi ngena silabik Cree Timur.
Silabik
editDalam silabik Cree, tiap iti simbol, ti ngayanka konsonan, ulih ditulis empat chara, tiap iti arah ngayanka vokal ti setipak enggau iya.[11] Sekeda dialek jaku Cree bisi nyentuk ngagai tujuh iti vokal, nya alai diakritik tambah diengkah pengudah suku kata kena ngayanka vokal ke setipak. Final ngayanka konsonan ti bediri kediri.[11] Jaku Cree mega bisi dua iti semivokal. Semivokal nya tau nitihka konsonan bukai tauka kediri empu dalam leka jaku.[12]
Jadual di baruh tu nunjukka silabari dialek Cree Timur enggau Barat:
Silibari dialek Cree Timur | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Initial | Vowels | Final | ||||||
ê | i | o | a | î | ô | â | ||
ᐁ | ᐃ | ᐅ | ᐊ | ᐄ | ᐆ | ᐋ | ||
p | ᐯ | ᐱ | ᐳ | ᐸ | ᐲ | ᐴ | ᐹ | ᑉ |
t | ᑌ | ᑎ | ᑐ | ᑕ | ᑏ | ᑑ | ᑖ | ᑦ |
k | ᑫ | ᑭ | ᑯ | ᑲ | ᑮ | ᑰ | ᑳ | ᒃ |
c | ᒉ | ᒋ | ᒍ | ᒐ | ᒌ | ᒎ | ᒑ | ᒡ |
m | ᒣ | ᒥ | ᒧ | ᒪ | ᒦ | ᒨ | ᒫ | ᒻ |
n | ᓀ | ᓂ | ᓄ | ᓇ | ᓃ | ᓅ | ᓈ | ᓐ |
s | ᓭ | ᓯ | ᓱ | ᓴ | ᓰ | ᓲ | ᓵ | ᔅ |
sh | ᔐ | ᔑ | ᔓ | ᔕ | ᔒ | ᔔ | ᔖ | ᔥ |
y | ᔦ | ᔨ | ᔪ | ᔭ | ᔩ | ᔫ | ᔮ | ᔾ (ᐤ) |
l | ᓓ | ᓕ | ᓗ | ᓚ | ᓖ | ᓘ | ᓛ | ᓪ |
r* | ᕃ | ᕆ | ᕈ | ᕋ | ᕇ | ᕉ | ᕌ | ᕐ |
v*, f* | ᕓ | ᕕ | ᕗ | ᕙ | ᕖ | ᕘ | ᕚ | ᕝ |
th* | ᕞ | ᕠ | ᕤ | ᕦ | ᕢ | ᕥ | ᕧ | ᕪ |
w | ᐌ | ᐎ | ᐒ | ᐗ | ᐐ | ᐔ | ᐙ | ᐤ |
h | ᐦᐁ | ᐦᐃ | ᐦᐅ | ᐦᐊ | ᐦᐄ | ᐦᐆ | ᐦᐋ | ᐦ |
* Used only in foreign sounds |
Silibari dialek Cree Barat | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Initial | Vowels | Final | ||||||
ê | i | o | a | î | ô | â | ||
ᐁ | ᐃ | ᐅ | ᐊ | ᐄ | ᐆ | ᐋ | ||
p | ᐯ | ᐱ | ᐳ | ᐸ | ᐲ | ᐴ | ᐹ | ᑊ |
t | ᑌ | ᑎ | ᑐ | ᑕ | ᑏ | ᑑ | ᑖ | ᐟ |
k | ᑫ | ᑭ | ᑯ | ᑲ | ᑮ | ᑰ | ᑳ | ᐠ |
c | ᒉ | ᒋ | ᒍ | ᒐ | ᒌ | ᒎ | ᒑ | ᐨ |
m | ᒣ | ᒥ | ᒧ | ᒪ | ᒦ | ᒨ | ᒫ | ᒼ |
n | ᓀ | ᓂ | ᓄ | ᓇ | ᓃ | ᓅ | ᓈ | ᐣ |
s | ᓭ | ᓯ | ᓱ | ᓴ | ᓰ | ᓲ | ᓵ | ᐢ |
y | ᔦ | ᔨ | ᔪ | ᔭ | ᔩ | ᔫ | ᔮ | ᐩ (ᐝ) |
th | ᖧ | ᖨ | ᖪ | ᖬ | ᖩ | ᖫ | ᖭ | ‡ |
w | ᐍ | ᐏ | ᐓ | ᐘ | ᐑ | ᐕ | ᐚ | ᐤ |
h | ᐦᐁ | ᐦᐃ | ᐦᐅ | ᐦᐊ | ᐦᐄ | ᐦᐆ | ᐦᐋ | ᐦ |
hk | ᕽ | |||||||
l | ᓬ | |||||||
r | ᕒ |
Pemunas jaku
editDoug Cuthand madahka tiga kebuah jaku Cree lenyau ba mayuh orang ke bejaku dalam timpuh abad kesembilan belas enggau dua puluh.[13] Keterubah, sekula kediaman nerenakka runding ti bepilih mata ti madahka jaku sida nya baruh. Lebuh nembiak agi bejaku ngena jaku asal sida ba rumah, pengawa belajar sida ngetu ba sekula. Lebuh sida pansut ari sekula kediaman nyadi orang besai tuai, sida pulai ke rumah lalu leka jaku enggau penemu jaku sida nadai nyengkaum konsep tauka tukuh ti deka dikembuan siku orang ti udah besai tuai ti bejaku ti bedau dibai ngagai sekula kediaman.
Cuthand mega madahka, pengelenyau jaku Cree tau dikaitka enggau pemindah ruang bilik asal jauh ari rizab nya, enggau sukarela tauka enda. Suah mega, bala tuai ditinggalka ba rizab.[13] Tu mechahka arus penemu jaku entara rebak tradisional ari orang tuai ngagai nembiak.
Poin ketiga Cuthand[13] bepenemu iya nya pengelenyau jaku Cree diterima bala orang ke bejaku. Apai indai badu agi ngajar anak sida ngena jaku asal sida ketegal pechaya, pengawa nya ulih nulung anak sida bulih pemujur ba ekonomi tauka nyeliahka diri ari diskriminasyen.
Status jaku
editStatus sosial enggau undang-undang bansa Cree bebida ba serata menua Kanada. Jaku Cree nya siti ari sebelas jaku rasmi menua Northwest Territories, tang semina disebut sekeda orang dia ba kandang endur ngelingi mengeri Fort Smith.[6] Jaku tu mega siti ari dua jaku besai perintah pelilih menua Eeyou Istchee James Bay di Utara Quebec, lalu jaku Perancis ke bukai.[14]
Robert Falcon Ouellette, Seiku Kaban Parlimen Cree, bejalaika tanggungpengawa ti beguna amat dalam ngelakuka jaku Bansa Asal kelebih agi jaku Cree dalam Parlimen Kanada enggau Dewan Rakyat Kanada. Iya nyadika instrumen ngulihka pemendar sepenemu ari semua parti politik ngubah atur ti bediri ngambika ngemendarka jaku Bansa Asal disebut dalam Dewan Rakyat, enggau servis nyalin penuh disediaka. Ubah ti besejarah tu ngasuh Ouellette ulih mantaika jaku dalam jaku Cree enggau interpretasyen ti disukung pendidik jaku Kevin Lewis, nyadika tanda keterubah iya ngena jaku Bansa Asal ba Dewan Rakyat kena 28 Januari 2019.[15] [16] [17]
Nangkanka nya, Bill C-91, iya nya Akta Jaku Asal ti dikemendarka dalam taun 2019, digaga dikena nyukung sereta ngidupka baru jaku Asal di serata menua Kanada. Undang-undang tu, ngembuan tuju deka ngambi pulai, ngidupka baru, sereta ngetanka jaku Asal nengah belanja ti meruan sereta numbuhka Opis Pesuruhjaya Jaku Asal. Ouellette nyadi pengerusi kaukus Bansa Asal ba Dewan Rakyat lalu mantu nentuka iya dikemendarka sebedau pengawa bepilih taun 2019.[18] [19] [20] [21]
Malin
edit- ↑ "Language Highlight Tables, 2016 Census – Aboriginal mother tongue, Aboriginal language spoken most often at home and Other Aboriginal language(s) spoken regularly at home for the population excluding institutional residents of Canada, provinces and territories, 2016 Census – 100% Data". Canada Statistics. 2017-08-02. Retrieved 2017-11-22.
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2022-05-24). "Cree-Montagnais-Naskapi". Glottolog. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Archived from the original on 2022-10-15. Retrieved 2022-10-29.
- ↑ "Official Languages of the Northwest Territories" (PDF). Northwest Territories Language Commissioner. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 23, 2012. (map)
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2023-03-29). "Indigenous languages in Canada, 2021". www150.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-02-02.
- ↑ "Education, Culture, and Employment". Government of the Northwest Territories. Archived from the original on July 27, 2018. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Northwest Territories Official Languages Act, 1988 Archived Mac 24, 2009, at the Wayback Machine (as amended 1988, 1991–1992, 2003)
- ↑ "2016–2017 annual report on official languages" (PDF). Government of the Northwest Territories.
- ↑ Rhodes and Todd, "Subarctic Algonquian Languages" in Handbook of North American Indians: Subarctic, p. 60
- ↑ Rhodes and Todd, 60–61
- ↑ Smith, James G. E. (August 1987). "the Western Woods Cree: anthropological myth and historical reality". American Ethnologist. 14 (3): 434–448. doi:10.1525/ae.1987.14.3.02a00020.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 "Ager, Simon: Omniglot, Cree Syllabary". Archived from the original on 2012-01-17. Retrieved 2011-12-05.
- ↑ Christoph., Wolfart, H. (1981). Meet Cree : a guide to the Cree language. Carroll, Janet F. (New and completely rev. ed.). Edmonton: University of Alberta Press. ISBN 0888640730. OCLC 8925218.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Cuthand, D. (2007). Askiwina: A Cree world. Regina: Coteau Books.
- ↑ "Agreement on Governance in the Eeyou Istchee James Bay Territory Between the Crees of Eeyou Istchee and the Gouvernement du Québec, 2012" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2012-09-07.
- ↑ "Honouring Indigenous Languages within Parliament – Canadian Parliamentary Review – la Revue parlementaire canadienne". 8 August 2019.
- ↑ "Indigenous Winnipeg MP delivers speech in Cree in House of Commons - Winnipeg | Globalnews.ca".
- ↑ Cecco, Leyland (27 January 2019). "Sound of native languages in parliament to mark win for indigenous Canadians". The Guardian.
- ↑ "Government Bill (House of Commons) C-91 (42-1) - Royal Assent - Indigenous Languages Act - Parliament of Canada".
- ↑ https://lop.parl.ca/staticfiles/PublicWebsite/Home/ResearchPublications/HillStudies/PDF/2015-131-E.pdf Templat:Bare URL PDF
- ↑ https://www.canlii.org/en/commentary/doc/2019CanLIIDocs3786#!fragment/zoupio-_Toc3Page3/BQCwhgziBcwMYgK4DsDWszIQewE4BUBTADwBdoAvbRABwEtsBaAfX2zgGYAFMAc0I4BKADTJspQhACKiQrgCe0AORLhEQmFwIZcxSrUatIAMp5SAIUUAlAKIAZGwDUAggDkAwjeGkwAI2ik7IKCQA Templat:Bare URL inline
- ↑ "Meet Robert-Falcon Ouellette: Veteran, former parliamentarian, and professor".